![]() at the base of the skull (occipital area),.Lymph nodes in various parts of the body may become swollen for different reasons. Not all swollen lymph nodes are abnormal.Symptoms associated with lymph node swelling and related diseases can include pain in the area of the swelling, fever, and fatigue.Rarely, a medication can cause the problem.More serious medical problems such as HIV infection, lymphomas (non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma) or other cancers, or lupus may cause swollen lymph glands. A wide variety of infections are the most common causes of swelling of the lymph nodes, for example, strep throat, ear infections, and mononucleosis.Doctors and other health care professionals check these areas for enlarged or swollen lymph nodes.The following are common areas where swollen lymph nodes are more prominent and more readily noticeable: Lymph nodes are regional, and each group of them corresponds to a particular region of the body and reflects abnormalities in that region.Lymph nodes are located throughout the body but are visible and able to be felt (palpable) only when they are enlarged or swollen.Lymph nodes also referred to as lymph glands or lymphadenopathy, are an important part of the immune system.AMESCON 2012, Dubai, 2012.Facts you should know about swollen lymph nodes (glands) Laparoscopic biopsy in patients with abdominal lymph node enlargement. Bhandarkar DS, Behera RR, Katara AN, Udwadia TE.Minimal access biopsy in patients with abdominal or thoracic lymphadenopathy. ![]() Shankar M, Bhandarkar DS, Katara AN, Kochar R, Udwadia TE.6th National Conference of Endoscopic Surgery, Ludhiana, 2004. Laparoscopy in management of abdominal lymphadenopathy. Katara AN, Bhandarkar DS, Shah RS, Udwadia TE.Annual Conference of Maharashtra Chapter of ASI, Nasik, 2002. Laparoscopic drainage of peripancreatic cold abscess. 5th Annual Conference of IAGES, Kolkata, 2002. Annual Conference of Maharashtra Chapter of ASI, Pune, 2001. Diagnostic laparoscopy – a valuable tool for peeping inside the Pandora’s box. Laparoscopic biopsy in patients with abdominal lymphadenopathy. Bhandarkar DS, Shah RS, Katara AN, Shankar M, Chandiramani VA, Udwadia TE.Microscopic examination shows lymphoma in a lymph node biopsy Microscopic examination confirms tuberculosis in a lymph node biopsy The delay in obtaining a biopsy and establishing an accurate diagnosis could result in a serious delay in starting the appropriate treatment. This can have serious consequences if the patient does not respond to the treatment and a biopsy performed at a later date shows the lymph nodes to be affected by some other disease, e.g. Often patients are started on an “empirical” anti-tubercular treatment as tuberculosis is a common (but not the only) cause of lymph node enlargement. It is vital that in all patients with enlarged abdominal lymph nodes a biopsy sample is obtained and the correct diagnosis confirmed before commencing the treatment. In case the sample is deemed inadequate the surgeon can obtain more samples before the patient is brought out of anaesthesia. The final diagnosis often takes five to seven days as the sample has to be processed in a particular manner and special tests carried out on it. This helps the surgeon, as the pathologist is able to indicate whether or not the sample is adequate and also is able to point to a tentative diagnosis. Usually the sample is sent to a pathologist immediately for processing (called frozen section) when the patient is under anaesthesia. The surgeon then exposes the area of enlarged lymph nodes and obtains a biopsy with the help of special, long instruments introduced inside the abdomen through two other cannulas and by observing the picture of the operative site on the television screen. The telescope that picks up the picture of the inside of the abdomen and transmits it to a television screen. To look inside the abdomen, the surgeon passes a telescope connected to a miniature video camera through the cannula. As the abdomen gets filled up with the gas, the abdominal wall is lifted up, thus providing the surgeon a space to work in. This cannula is connected to a special pump that pumps carbon dioxide gas. The surgeon makes a small (about 1-cm) incision and places a short tube called a cannula through the abdominal wall. Laparoscopic lymph node biopsy is carried out under general anaesthesia.
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